Cell & Organelle Stains

Dihydrorhodamine 123 is the reduced form of rhodamine 123 (70010), which is a commonly used fluorescent mitochondrial dye.

Dihydrorhodamine 123 dihydrochloride is functionally equivalent to dihydrorhodamine 123 (10055) but with increased stability toward air oxidation and light during storage.

DiI (DiIC₁₈(3); 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine) is a widely used carbocyanine membrane dye that labels cell membranes by inserting its two long (C₁₈ carbon) hydrocarbon chains into the lipid bilayer. Particularly, it has been extensively used for the anterograde and retrograde labeling of neurons.

DiI (DiIC18(3); 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine) uniformly dissolved in vegetable oil in a formulation optimized for microinjection. Carbocyanine microinjection has been widely used for fate mapping and cell lineage studies and for the determination of spatial organization and connectivity patterns of central nervous systems.

The carbocyanine dye DiIC₁(5) has been used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential in apoptotic cells. Loss of membrane potential in apoptotic cells is reflected by a decrease of fluorescence signal in the infrared channel.

Dilinoleyl DiI (1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocynanine perchlorate), also known as FAST DiI™, has identical absorption and emission spectra as DiI (#60010) .

Dilinoleyl DiO (1,1′-dilinoleyl-3,3′-oxacarbocynanine perchlorate), also known as FAST DiO™, has identical absorption and emission spectra as DiO (#60011).

DiO, also called DiOC₁₈(3), is a green fluorescent, lipophilic carbocyanine dye that is widely used as a lipophilic tracer.

DiOC₁₄(3) is a DiO derivative, but is more soluble in aqueous media than the latter because it has shorter hydrocarbon chains. Also see our ready-to-use CellBrite™ Cell Membrane Labeling Solutions.

DiOC16(3) is a green fluorescent lipophilic cyanine dye with two C16 hydrocarbon chains that can be used to stain cytoplasmic membranes.

DiOC₂(3) (3,3′-Diethyloxacarbocyanine, iodide) has been used for measuring membrane potentials in bacteria. The green fluorescent dye forms red fluorescent aggregates with increasing membrane potential.

DiOC5(3) and DiOC6(3) are two of the most widely used carbocyanine dyes used for membrane potential measurements.

DiOC₆(3) (3,3′-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine,iodide) is a green fluorescent membrane dye that has been used to stain the ER in both live and fixed cells. The dye has also been used to study structural interactions and dynamics of the ER in neurons and yeast.

Dipicrylamine (DPA) is a nonfluorescent anionic membrane dye. With its absorbance in the blue region of the visible spectrum, DPA can be used as a FRET quencher for a variety of fluorescent donor dyes.

DiR is a lipophilic, near-infrared fluorescent cyanine dye. The dye is useful for labeling cytoplasmic membranes and has been used for near-infrared in vivo imaging.

The principle of DPA/Tb³ for vesicle fusion assay is based on the fact that contact of the chelator dipicolinic acid (DPA) with terbium (III) forms an instant Tb³ -DPA complex that is ~10,000 times more fluorescent than free Tb³ . In the assay, separate vesicle populations are loaded with 2.5 mM TbCl3 in 50 mM sodium citrate, or 50 mM DPA in 20 mM NaCl.